Light microscopes have revolutionized our understanding of the microcosmos, but their resolution is limited to about 100 nanometers. To see how molecules bond, break, or change their structure, we ...

Precise determination of the chemical structure of a molecule is of vital importance to any molecular related field and is the key to a deep understanding of its chemical, physical, and biological ...

Proteins are made up of amino acid residues which are bound together by peptide bonds between the amino nitrogen (N) and the carboxyl group. Just 21 distinct amino acids exist, but they can bind ...

Colloidal stability is calculated by balancing repulsive and attractive intermolecular interactions among protein molecules to sustain the native folded state. Less intermolecular interaction reduces ...