The Fischer–Speier esterification enables the acid-catalyzed formation of esters from carboxylic acids and alcohols under equilibrium conditions. Developed by Emil Fischer and Arthur Speier in the late 19th century, the reaction proceeds via protonation of the carbonyl group, nucleophilic attack by the alcohol, and subsequent elimination of water to form the ester. Learn. Review. Repeat.

The Baeyer–Villiger oxidation enables the conversion of ketones into esters and cyclic ketones into lactones via oxygen insertion adjacent to the carbonyl group. Developed by Adolf von Baeyer and Victor Villiger in the late 19th century, the reaction proceeds through formation of a Criegee intermediate followed by migratory rearrangement, with group migration governed by migratory aptitude. Learn. Review. Repeat.

Structure of Carbonyl Group - Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids - Chemistry Class 12

Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acid Class 12 NCERT | Structure of the Carbonyl Group | L2

Class 12th – Structure of Carbonyl Group | Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids | Tutorials Point

Nature of carbonyl group | Structure of the Carbonyl Group | Carbonyl group in chemistry